A1 Journal article (refereed)
Contribution and effectiveness of ski and pole forces in selected roller skiing techniques on treadmill at moderate inclines (2023)


Zhao, S., Lindinger, S., Ohtonen, O., & Linnamo, V. (2023). Contribution and effectiveness of ski and pole forces in selected roller skiing techniques on treadmill at moderate inclines. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, Article 948919. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.948919


JYU authors or editors


Publication details

All authors or editors: Zhao, Shuang; Lindinger, Stefan; Ohtonen, Olli; Linnamo, Vesa

Journal or series: Frontiers in Sports and Active Living

eISSN: 2624-9367

Publication year: 2023

Publication date: 22/02/2023

Volume: 5

Article number: 948919

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Publication country: Switzerland

Publication language: English

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.948919

Publication open access: Openly available

Publication channel open access: Open Access channel

Publication is parallel published (JYX): https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/85613


Abstract

Background: Most of the studies about the effects of incline on cross-country skiing are related to the metabolic efficiency. The effective skiing biomechanics has also been indicated to be among the key factors that may promote good performance. The aims of this study were to provide biomechanical characteristics and investigate the relative contribution and effectiveness of ski and pole forces in overcoming the total external resistance with double poling (DP) and Gear 3 (G3) techniques at varying moderate uphill inclines.
Methods: 10 male cross-country skiers participated in this study. Custom-made force measurement bindings, pole force sensors, and an 8-camera Vicon system were used to collect force data and ski and pole kinematics at 3°, 4° and 5° with 10 km/h skiing speed.
Results: The cycle length (CL) decreased by 10% and 7% with DP and G3 technique from 3° to 5° (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). The cycle rate (CR) increased by 13% and 9% from 3° to 5° with DP and G3 technique respectively. From 3° to 5°, the peak pole force increased by 25% (p < 0.001) and 32% (p < 0.001) with DP and G3 technique. With DP technique, the average cycle propulsive force (ACPF) increased by 46% (p < 0.001) from 3° to 5°and with G3 technique, the enhancement for ACPF was 50% (p < 0.001). In G3 technique, around 85% was contributed by poles in each incline.
Conclusion: The higher power output in overcoming the total resistance was required to ski at a greater incline. With DP technique, the upper body demands, and technical effectiveness were increasing with incline. With G3 technique, the role of external pole work for propulsion is crucial over different terrains while role of legs may stay more in supporting the body against gravity and repositioning body segments.


Keywords: skiing; skiers; effectiveness; performance (capacity); efficiency (properties); inclination (physical properties); biomechanics

Free keywords: double poling technique; gear 3 technique; speed maintain; crosscountry skiing; effectiveness


Contributing organizations


Ministry reporting: Yes

Reporting Year: 2023

JUFO rating: 1


Last updated on 2024-02-07 at 23:25