A1 Journal article (refereed)
Resting Energy Expenditure, Metabolic and Sex Hormones in Two Phases of the Menstrual and Hormonal Contraceptive Cycles (2024)


Löfberg, I. E., Karppinen, J. E., Laatikainen-Raussi, V., Lehti, M., Hackney, A. C., Ihalainen, J. K., & Mikkonen, R. S. (2024). Resting Energy Expenditure, Metabolic and Sex Hormones in Two Phases of the Menstrual and Hormonal Contraceptive Cycles. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, ahead of Print . https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003518


JYU authors or editors


Publication details

All authors or editors: Löfberg, Ida E.; Karppinen, Jari E.; Laatikainen-Raussi, Vesa; Lehti, Maarit; Hackney, Anthony C.; Ihalainen, Johanna K.; Mikkonen, Ritva S.

Journal or series: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

ISSN: 0195-9131

eISSN: 1530-0315

Publication year: 2024

Publication date: 01/08/2024

Volume: ahead of Print

Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Publication country: United States

Publication language: English

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000003518

Publication open access: Not open

Publication channel open access: 

Publication is parallel published (JYX): https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/96775


Abstract

Introduction
Resting energy expenditure (REE) may fluctuate during the menstrual cycle (MC), due to the physiological effects of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). This study examined changes in REE and metabolic hormones (leptin, ghrelin, thyroid hormones), and dietary intake in two hormonally distinct groups, naturally menstruating women (NoOC) and women using monophasic combined oral contraceptives (COC).

Methods
Measurements included REE by indirect calorimetry, body composition by bioimpedance, and blood samples for hormone analysis in the early follicular and mid-luteal phases of the MC in NoOC-group (n = 38) or the active and inactive phases of the COC cycle (COC, n = 19). Participants recorded their food intake for 3 days after measurements. A secondary analysis was completed for the NoOC-group without REE outliers (difference between measurements >1.5 × interquartile range, n = 4).

Results
In the NoOC-group, luteal phase REE was 40 kcal higher than follicular phase REE [95% confidence interval (CI): -2 kcal/d–82 kcal/d, d = 0.20, p = 0.061]. Leptin (d = 0.35, p < 0.001), T3 (d = 0.26, p = 0.05) and fat intake (d = 0.48, p = 0.027) were lower, and T4 (d = 0.21, p = 0.041) was higher in the luteal phase. After excluding outliers, REE was 44 kcal higher in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (95% CI: 12 kcal/d–76 kcal/d, d = 0.22, p = 0.007). In the COC-group, the mean difference in REE was -2 kcal (95% CI-82 kcal/d–79 kcal/d) between active and inactive phases, while T3 was higher in the inactive phase (d = 0.01, p = 0.037).

Conclusions
REE increases only slightly from the follicular to the luteal phase but remains unchanged between COC phases. Increases in T3, leptin, and fat intake during the luteal phase might echo metabolic fluctuations that parallel female sex hormones during the MC.


Keywords: women; physiology; energy intake; contraception; hormones; metabolism; energy consumption (metabolism); menstrual cycle

Free keywords: female physiology; energy intake; hormonal contraception; reproductive hormones; resting metabolism


Contributing organizations


Ministry reporting: Yes

Preliminary JUFO rating: 3


Last updated on 2024-28-08 at 07:58