A1 Journal article (refereed)
Quantity and Quality of Aquaculture Enrichments Influence Disease Epidemics and Provide Ecological Alternatives to Antibiotics (2021)

Karvonen, A., Räihä, V., Klemme, I., Ashrafi, R., Hyvärinen, P., & Sundberg, L.-R. (2021). Quantity and Quality of Aquaculture Enrichments Influence Disease Epidemics and Provide Ecological Alternatives to Antibiotics. Antibiotics, 10(3), Article 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030335

JYU authors or editors

Publication details

All authors or editors: Karvonen, Anssi; Räihä, Ville; Klemme, Ines; Ashrafi, Roghaieh; Hyvärinen, Pekka; Sundberg, Lotta-Riina

Journal or series: Antibiotics

eISSN: 2079-6382

Publication year: 2021

Publication date: 22/03/2021

Volume: 10

Issue number: 3

Article number: 335

Publisher: MDPI AG

Publication country: Switzerland

Publication language: English

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030335

Research data link: https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/74704

Publication open access: Openly available

Publication channel open access: Open Access channel

Publication is parallel published (JYX): https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/74868

Abstract

Environmental heterogeneity is a central component influencing the virulence and epidemiology of infectious diseases. The number and distribution of susceptible hosts determines disease transmission opportunities, shifting the epidemiological threshold between the spread and fadeout of a disease. Similarly, the presence and diversity of other hosts, pathogens and environmental microbes, may inhibit or accelerate an epidemic. This has important applied implications in farming environments, where high numbers of susceptible hosts are maintained in conditions of minimal environmental heterogeneity. We investigated how the quantity and quality of aquaculture enrichments (few vs. many stones; clean stones vs. stones conditioned in lake water) influenced the severity of infection of a pathogenic bacterium, Flavobacterium columnare, in salmonid fishes. We found that the conditioning of the stones significantly increased host survival in rearing tanks with few stones. A similar effect of increased host survival was also observed with a higher number of unconditioned stones. These results suggest that a simple increase in the heterogeneity of aquaculture environment can significantly reduce the impact of diseases, most likely operating through a reduction in pathogen transmission (stone quantity) and the formation of beneficial microbial communities (stone quality). This supports enriched rearing as an ecological and economic way to prevent bacterial infections with the minimal use of antimicrobials.

Keywords: aquaculture; fish diseases; bacterial diseases; epidemiology; microbes; microbiome; biofilms; salmon; trout

Free keywords: aquaculture; biofilm; disease epidemiology; enriched rearing; environmental microbes; microbial community; Salmo salar; Salmo trutta

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Ministry reporting: Yes

Reporting Year: 2021

JUFO rating: 1